A Remake Play of Oedipus Essay Example for Free

A Remake Play of Oedipus EssayOedipus Rex has always been one of the most intriguing and interesting plays that William Shakespeare has ever written. By combining a tragic with complex plots, the legendary playwright was able to establish himself as a classic poet known for psychological tragedies. A modernistic version of Shakespeares plays always produces an equally intriguing curiosity from contemporary audiences. Setting and Milieu If given a chance to produce a reconstruct of this play, I would prefer transforming this play to a modern one. This method would provide the audiences a much convenient way of absorbing the message of the story.By delegacy of using the present and commonly used language, audiences can easily relate with the events pertaining to the story of Oedipus. The lyrical and archaic lines would have to be dropped to achieve modernity and support a younger generation. It would be set in present New York where the busiest streets and cities can be found. Characterization Since this is a modern remake of the original Oedipus Rex, mightiness Laius and Queen Jocasta would be an overly superstitious couple who reigns in the city of New York as the states richest business tycoons.It is still the same plot, though. Fortune-tellers warned of a son who would later murder his father and marry his mother. A high school day teacher who saw him abandoned in the woods near the school would raise Oedipus. He would grow up as an educated man who fights for what he believes is right. All of the original characters would be transformed into other characters which can wager the present time and eliminate the Shakespearean era of the story. It would be entirely based on modern events. Props and ProstheticsClearly, the characters would be using casual uniform which is common to what they represent. The character of Oedipus is most likely to wear plain and casual clothes while Laius and Jocasta are more fitting to wear highly corporal attires. Mas ks are definitely out of the picture and the facial expressions and gestures would solely rely on the actors skills in acting. Stage props include various equipment and tools which are prerequisite to the backdrop of each scene. It would include materials which can produce a picture of living room, streets, bedroom, and other equipment necessary.Conclusion Modern versions are not always as successful as the original. However, creating a contemporary remake of something very classic is always convenient for audiences who seek to understand more about a peculiar(prenominal) classic. Language and differences in poetry interpretation are always a major hindrance in achieving the primary message of a certain literary works but if a person wants to understand the deeper meaning of that classic, it is always productive to turn into modern remakes. They give easy-to-understand insights which are simplified versions of the originals.

Understandings And Responses To Paedophilia

Understandings And Responses To PaedophiliaThe concept of paedophilia started to dressulate as an object of scientific make in the mid ninetieth century, as a part of the broader context of trip outual deviations. It was first noticed as a pheno menon in the sex effort of the time that provided young kidskinren to satisfy certain(prenominal)(a) appetites. Later on, child prostitution took place in post war big cities similarly as a means of livelihood. Mentions of this kind of prostitution were comprise til now in belles-lettres by novelists such as Dostoevsky and Malaparte (Schinaia, 2010).However, paedophilia became a content of immense touch on and study during the second half of the twentieth century. Until then it was considered to be a sporadic aberration as Freud put it (Angelides, 2005) while the paedophile didnt seem to cohere a threat to ships company. During the last few decades paedophilia has emerged from the background. Now more than ever paedophiles argon be label and judged as internal wrongdoers and not as pot with alternative sexual orientation. Certain cases, homogeneous the Sarah Payne case, received extensive media cover get along resulting to augmented creation attention and, at times, mass panic. Paedophilia has later been classified in the publics mind to raise all the alarms as farthest as protecting the young children and the well being of the society goes. This attention has resulted in paedophilia receiving consortly attention from the social studies that examine the aetiology, the ways it manifests and the possible treatments for those who exhibit such deviances (McCartan, 2010).The online paper is a critical review of the literature that deals with the come forth of paedophilia. As a first step the renderings of paedophilia will be given, as they atomic number 18 formed under the spectrum of various sciences such as medicine and social studies. It is not strange that regarding the definition of pae dophilia there is not the consensus among the scientists as one(a) would though there would be. The ethical standards, what is and what is not a deviance or even when pubescence begins, be concepts that be undergoing changes simultaneously with society (Schinaia, 2010). Moreover, what is being considered as paedophilia in a westerly till years could be perceived as a way to facilitate the passage to adulthood depending on the culture (Harrison et al, 2010). At this point paedophilia will be comp bed to other purviews of sexual deviations and its relation to them.The next step is to examine how paedophilia and paedophiles be being comprehended by the public. This paper will provide, through the current literature, an overview of how the public, the press and the law befool changed their understanding of the matter. Subsequent to the change in perception is the change in reaction and the emergence of pro action. New laws are being implemented and parental awareness seems to b e at its peak. But are these movement being eat upn due the acknowledgement of real endangerment or because of mass panic deriving from extensive media coverage? As the weight has shifted from homosexuality to paedophilia (Angelides, 2005), is it right to assume that people look at the matter while its exploding out of proportion, or is it safe to say that finally they see thing as they really are? Reviewing the studies that have been published and the conclusions that theorists of the matter came to, will provide a better understanding of the issue at hand.The last part of this paper provides the assessment of the risk that paedophiles pose to society and whether they squirt be treated. Regardless of the existence, or rather the lack of it, of a unanimous definition of paedophilia, what is the right way to proceed with convicted paedophiles? The question of importance that is being turn to at this point is if a paedophile should be treated as a criminal or as a mentally unsta ble long-suffering that bum be treated and reintegrated to society.This especial(a) subject is rather nice to address. It hires prepubescent children that have been traumatized by actions of sexual wrongdoers. It to a fault involves convicted wrongdoers, people that modern western society abhors. In order to improvement this one should proceed with caution. A primary research on the matter would need participants from both categories. The questions that are raise on the subject of paedophilia are extensive and, if they are to be researched decently, only an in depth experiment would suffice. Moreover, a solid theoretical background, which as will be discussed later in this paper is still being constructed, that burn provide the needed boost to the right direction would be required. Instead, a secondary based research prat provide the desired overview of the subject, simultaneously well-favored the essential in governing body on the topic and helping the reader to form a n educated opinion. However, the practical aspects and difficulties of the endeavor are of lesser importance. That which carries the most weight is that with a desk based research the danger of re victimizing young children is nonexistent. It is the safest way to approach the matter, doing so by reviewing the literature.Chapter 1Defining paedophilia end upual mannerSex, in a strict definition, is the means of procreation for humans. However, sex can befall for a great many deal of reasons (Rye Meaney, 2007), principal(prenominal)ly pleasure. From this perspective it can be prepared as the stimulation of the genitals resulting in a pleasant reflex that is orgasm (Rye Meaney, 2007). Although, peoples definitions regarding sex vary, there is a consistency surrounded by what they perceive as sex and their sexual attitudes (Peterson Muehlenhard, 2007).A soulfulnesss sexuality is the way one perceives of oneself as a sexual being (Bay-Cheng, 2003) and pursues sexual pleasure. Nor mal sexual behavior includes bringing pleasure to oneself and his or hers partner. The procedure involves the stimulation of the genitals and commonly includes intercourse (Rye Meaney, 2007).Sexual DysfunctionsSexual disfunctions are a series of problematic symptoms to the normal sexual function of a person. These kinds of symptoms can vary from erectile dysfunction or premature or delayed ejaculation for men, vaginal dryness, and pain during sex dyspareunia- or difficulty coming to an orgasm anorgasmia- for women.The causes of sexual dysfunction are as multiple as the symptoms. The psychological state of a person such as depression, intense stress or other psychological featureors can easily result in sexual problems in performance.Drug abuse is another factor that can contri stille dramatically to the dysfunction of a person on the particular subject.Overall condition of a persons health is another aspect of the cause of sexual dysfunction. Diseases such as diabetes or hormo nal imbalances can deteriorate dramatically someones sexual desire or impair his or hers cap cogency.Even when all the above reasons are absent, age alone can be given to sexual dysfunctions.Mental disorders and paraphiliasDefining sexual disorders can be a hazy situation. The American Psychiatric Association defines mental disorder as a clinically significant behavioral or psychological syndrome or pattern that occurs in an individual and that is associated with present distress (e.g., a painful symptom) or handicap (i.e., impairment in one of more important areas of functioning) or with a significantly increase risk of suffering death, pain, disability, or an important loss of freedom. In addition, this syndrome or pattern must not be merely an expectable and culturally sanctioned response to a particular event, for example, the death of a love one. Whatever its original causes, it must currently be considered a manifestation of a behavioral, psychological, or biological dysfunc tion in the individual. Neither deviant behavior (e.g., political, religious, or sexual) nor conflicts that are primarily between the individual and society are mental disorders unless the deviance or conflict is a symptom of a dysfunction in the individual, as tied above (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 2000, p.xxxi).All forms of paraphilias are considered to be mental disorders. Paraphilia is the recurrent sexual behavior, urges or fantasies that involve non human objects, non consenting adults or children and suffering or humiliation (Laws ODonohue, 2008). Paraphilias tend to be considered as such when they are recurrent for a period continuing than six months and they are a reason for difficulties in everyday functioning.Paraphilia includes apart from paedophilia, voyeurism, exhibitionism, fetishism, transvestic fetishism, frotteurism, masochism, sadism (Pursell Arrigo, 2006) and necrophilia (Laws ODonohue, 2008).PaedophiliaClinical definitionThe ety mology of the word paedophilia leads to the Hellenic words pais (), which means child and philia () which means accessible love (Riegel, 2005). However, the current meaning of the word as is perceived far exceeds any kind of friendly love. The current definition of paedophilia is, as it is in DSM-IV, under the broader context of paraphilias. The understanding is that paedophilia is a form of mental disorder and as such is treated. Given the definition of DSM-IV the offender has to have sexual urges or fantasies that has either acted upon or cause him distress for a period over six months. The offender has to be at least 16 eld of age or at least 5 long time older than the child and the child is up to 13 years old (DSM-IV, p. 571). Points of this definition cause more debate than give grounds for further theorizing. It is not clearly stated what is meant by acted upon or what is actually meant by child given that childhood can differ from society to society (Harrison et al, 2010). Such vague concepts lead to a new definition of paedophilia to the new DSM-V that is expected in May 2013. The leading opinion is that the change in the paedophilic definition will be substantial, as it is expected to be named Peadophebephilic disorder, which refers to both sexual haul of pubescent children (hebephilic) and prepubescent children (paedophilic) (Harrison et al, 2010).Legal definition of paedophiliaThe legal definition of paedophilia is another entirely problematic aspect of the matter. Beginning with the appropriate definition of age for a child to the age of criminal responsibility or the age of consent for sexual activity, there are variations. Different countries with different cultures define as child someone at very different ages, from 14 in Uzbekistan to 21 in Argentina (Harrison, 2010). Moreover, inwardly the law itself in the United Kingdom, there are discrepancies about the age that someone is consider to be a child. Different acts and schemes have differ ent age limits, so there is confusion on the matter (McCartan, 2008). Another implication is in regards to what is considered to be a criminal act. In the UK as sex offences are considered apart from having sexual relations to a child, also grooming, making a child watch pornography or sexual intercourse of others or forcing a child to have sexual intercourse with someone (Sex Offenders Act 2003).The UK law concerning paedophilia states that as paedophilia is assumed any sexual relationship between someone over 18 years and someone else under 16 years of age. In the event of the younger participant is less than 13 years old and as such cannot give consent, the sexual relationship is considered to be statutory rape (McCartan, 2008).Paedophilia in modern societyPaedophilia has turn over an issue in the UK during the last decade. High profile cases have come to be widely known, and in many cases, the public outcry has caused the judicature to take action (McCartan, 2008). Not only th e media, hardly also researchers and other professionals have been immensely consumed with the topic. Paedophilia up to some decades ago was not a plain case of paraphilia. It was referred to as sodomy, without any differentiation at the age.The growth in paedophilia references over the past few years in Western society was enormous. It has become an issue of public discourse emerging from non existence (Goode, 2011). The public has formed opinions as the governments have implemented laws. However, its a highly emotive issue and at this stage is based more on opinions than facts. The media coverage explosion (McCartan, 2008) has led to that direction misguiding the public not as to the severity of the issue but as to its real dimensions and proportions. If anything else, the times are characterized of an overflow in education to and from all directions.Other types of sexual abuseHebephiliaHebephilia is defined to be the sexual attraction and sexual relations to someone pubescent (Green, 2005). Pubescent or early pubescent can be characterized someone at the ages of 11 to 14 years (Blanchard, 2010). The use of the term is very rare and diagnostic tools such as the DSM-IV or the International Classification of Diseases do not mention it (Franklin, 2010).Hebephelia, when concerning heterosexual men and young girls can be attributed to the primary instinct for better chances in breeding (Franklin, 2010). Research however, has stated (Blanchard, 2010) that this does not actually increase fertility. Actually, hebephelia is not considered to be normal sexual behavior but, at the same time, does not fall into the category of sexual deviations due to mental disorders (Frances First, 2011).IncestIncest is called the sexual relation between both members of the same family, who by law cannot get married. There is much debate on whether there are or not neurocognitive functions of the human brain that suspend incest (Liberman et al, 2003). Moreover, the theory that human can identify their own kin has been put to the test more than once.Incest is considered to be even more damaging to a child than sexual molestation. As it is provoked by a family member, the child loses its most fundamental basis (Becker et al, 1986) of the support remains anyone has. The actual numbers of incest are unknown, even more than in other cases, because of the nature of the offence.Chapter 2Public Perceptions of PaedophiliaFormation of public attitudes towards paedophiliaThe public perceives the society as being of great risk for the children (Cavanagh, 2007). The reasons of this belief are multiple. The constant change in human society due to technological advances results in changes that cannot be measured and, most importantly, cannot be determined in a strict cause effect manner (McCartan, 2008). Paedophilia is one of these issues that have been imprinted into the publics mind as deriving from the modernization of life. The main concern of the public is the de fense of the weak, such as the children, and the object lesson structure of family and society.Although the issue is not entirely unknown to the public, the last two decades it has resulted in the formation of strong, however emotive, attitudes. Based more on stories than facts (Marsh Melville, 2011), media fuelled discourses keep shaping the publics beliefs. High profile cases add each time a new piece of randomness that contains revelations about paedophilia.There is a lack of evidence based info reaching the public as academics, health professionals and policy makers are not in agreement. Theorists do not contribute as they should in forming the publics opinion regarding paedophilia.Media impact on the formation of public attitudesThe publics reaction to paedophilia is reaching from one end, double-dyed(a) indifference, passes through the notion that if we ignore it it will vanish (Cloud, 2002), to the other end, vigilante attacks to known paedophiles (Allison, 2000). This i s not independent from media coverage. There are shows on TV that process relationships that could be characterized as hebephilic, yet they do not bring about public outcry. That is because, as no one is getting hurt not ostensibly at least, it all seems plausible and logical (Cloud, 2002).Of course, this is not the case for the majority of the media. Their headlines full of imminent threats feed on pre existing anxieties (Cavanagh, 2007) of the public. On a sensitive subject, such as paedophilia, the media works as the publics basic information giver. Since, there are very few academic or other sources on paedophilia, the public relies heavily on the media to know and understand what is happening (Marsh Melville, 2011).The media coverage of cases like Sarah Paynes in the UK or Megan Kankas in the US was unprecedented. The public had the media as sole edifying on the situations. The headlines in the newsprints grew stronger and angrier, leading the concerned citizens to simil ar reactions (Marsh Melville, 2011). Official acts and media coverage have been intertwined, both to satisfy the needs of the public (Cavanagh, 2007).The media, via public pressure, have also forced the government to take action. Following each high profile paedophile case there is a new law (McAlinden, 2010). This is not, of course, the result of a well constructed scheme in order to really deal with the issue, than it is more of a responsive action due to pressure.Validity of media representationsHowever strongly presented the media information regarding paedophilia is not based on facts. They are more of an interpretation of a situation, presenting each time the new enemy paedophile (Marsh Melville, 2011). The explosion on reports of sexual offences leads to the assumption that there is a sudden increase in sex crime, leaving those who are vulnerable defenseless (McAlinden, 2006).Since the stories in the media are not actual scientific studies, facts and assumptions get confus ed. One of the grave misconceptions that derive from the media is that all paedophiles act on their urges. A diagnosis from a psychiatrist of paedophilic tendencies doesnt always escort that they will be acted upon (Cloud, 2002). On the other hand, it is not necessary for someone to be a diagnosed paedophile to sexually abuse a child. Internet grownup rings have often proved to function as means of exploitation.The ambiguity of the definitions of paedophilia has its fair share of the misinterpreted data by the media. The academics tend to abridge the subject within by limited research and continuous alterations. The risk assessment, also, is based on rather speculative assumptions than on scientific and objective methods (McAlinden, 2010).Characteristics of paedophiles according to the publicThe paedophile is considered to be an obscure figure, stranger to the child and the family, waiting for the opportunity to arise. The children are constantly being reminded of never talking to strangers, receiving gifts, getting in their cars or even walking with them. However, this stranger danger is an exaggeration when paedophilia is concerned. Statistics show that the vast majority of sex offenders in general and paedophiles in particular are from within the family or the close environment of the child. Almost half of the child sexual abusers are the parents and almost 20% other relatives (Cloud, 2002).The public in reality does not have much information on paedophiles to form an educated opinion. The research on the issue is limited and restricted to the academic unit of ammunitions. The disagreement between academic, clinical and legal viewpoints (McCartan, 2008) of paedophilia leave the public open to suggestions, usually by the media.The internet is not free of blame for paedophilia cases. With the increased use of the World Wide Web by continuously younger people, new cases of children being victimized come to light. The public perceives the internet sex offen der as someone who is lurking in the shadows to fool the youngest (Marsh Melville, 2011). The whole of Internet is being blamed, service providers and websites, for harboring such offenders. The subject of responsibilities of the vast children pornography that can be put on line has yet to be addressed by the proper authorities (Cavanagh, 2007).Moral panic and paedophilesA usual reaction of the public to people or situations it cerebrates to be threatening is moral panic. Its a term widely used since the late 1970s, though it had been first used in the late 1800s, to describe the exaggerated reaction of the public or the authorities, such as the government, aiming to control that which poses a danger to everyday life, safety or values (Marsh Melville, 2011). Its a deal mechanism to situations that seem to be unreasonable and with no solution (McCartan, 2008).Not to be overlooked is the participation of the newspaper News of the World and its affiliates, like the Sun, to the mor al panic of paedophilia (Marsh Melville, 2011). Following the Sarah Paynes murder case News of the World began a campaign against all known or suspected paedophiles. The newspaper, using the Sex Offender Act of 1997, published about 200 names, locations and photographs of convicted sex offenders. This resulted to a frenzy reaction by the public as well as disappearances and suicides of certain offenders.Instigating moral panic is the result of groups aiming to do the exact opposite. Physical or internet organizations have been created with the intention of informing and protecting the public. However, this has resulted in an abundance of watchers that are the new spokespeople for the fight against paedophilia (Marsh Melville, 2011). Moreover, these moral entrepreneurs (Marsh Melville, 2011) promote the solution that each one favors, with the outcome of leaving the public at a loss and without the ability to divert its thoughts.Other explanations for moral panic that they are eith er orchestrated by those who have interest in diverting the publics attention from something else or they are a result of pre existing anxieties of the public (McCartan, 2008). So, according to these theories the moral panic of paedophilia is a constructed situation, sustained by the media and government, based on the publics fears for the childrens safety.Change in public perceptionsIt is a difficult job to put the publics mind at ease regarding paedophilia. The moral panic is at each peak so far and the majority of the people are already set on a path of punitive response to the problem. However, the measurement of trust to the justice system bares thwart results. In the UK, and other countries as well, the confidence in the system keeps declining. This can happen for a variety of reasons (Van de Walle, 2010). The leading concerns of the UK citizens are the slow movement of the system and its inefficiency, leniency even, towards paedophiles (McAlinden, 2010).Also, the pre empt ive approach of the government is not actually offering much to this direction (Kemshall Weaver, 2012). The public waits for a feeling of security that is not inspired by the schemes, as is proven by the low participation (Lipscombe, 2012).The change in public perceptions on the issue of paedophilia is currently for the most part controlled by the media. However, research shows that what is being interpreted by the government as need for full disclosure is actually mistaken (Kemshall Weaver, 2012). There is a discrepancy of what is being presented as true and what the public really wants. This marks a shift of the publics disposition to a more organized effort than disclosure can offer.Chapter 3Understanding paedophilia in a broader Social and Political contextPolicy makersDuring the last two decades a large number of cases concerning paedophilia have come to light in England and Wales. The publicity they received was unprecedented and caused strong public reactions. Public awaren ess over paedophilia has resulted in taking steps in the direction of assessing and treating individuals who have or are at risk of sexually abusing children. However, as the public is pushing towards a punitive response, the officials are detain taking actions of risk reduction often not combined with treatment and reintegration of the offenders (McCartan, 2012).These past two decades were marked by the overwhelming emergence of new laws that move to the direction of preventing crime by posing an abundance of sanctions (McAlinden, 2010). Instead of risk assessing government uses implementing of new jurisprudence as a pre emptive means of averting sex offenders acts. This sudden growth of new policies, deriving from the emotive nature of the issue of paedophilia, has resulted in an uncertain, or even unsafe, legislation environment (McAlinden, 2010). However, there are those who urge on for such a system since there actually is a decrease, almost one third from 1992 to 1998 in t he US (Cloud, 2002), that can be attributed to the increase in conviction of sex offenders.The question is that if indeed the official policy making is driven by the media and their extensive coverage of the paedophilia stories (Kemsall Weaver, 2012). Its a vicious circle that the more public and media are abhorred by paedophiles cases becoming public the more the Home Office reacts by implementing schemes that alter again the publics standpoint by giving new possible actions. The most known example of such a co dependent relation is the name and shame campaign that was an initiative from the newspaper News of the World, following the Sara Payne murder.Academic societyIn the academic circles there is no real consensus on the subject of paedophilia. The usual response of them is to be uninterested of the subject and treat paedophilia as a subject of little consequence (Smith, 2010). Much like the public their views are either formulated like the publics, considering at the back of their heads paedophiles as monsters but distant from them, or they are of a mild disposition to the subject, sometimes to the point of approval (Smith, 2010).The academics viewpoint is diametrically opposed to the one of those who work with children that suffered sexual abuse. There are those who make the distinction between the harmful and the innocent aspect of paedophilia. Theorists have tried to define when and if contact with a child is actually harmful. Moreover, they support that most paedophiles are actually gentle and well mannered, and not the monsters the public fears.There is in fact a disagreement on whether paedophilia is a mental disorder, like other paraphilias, or in fact is a sexual orientation, that has not been trustworthy yet (Smith, 2010). The B4U AC is a combined effort between people who are attracted to minors and professionals who support their claim for legalizing such relationships (B4U-ACT.org).Health professionalsPaedophilia move under the category of mental disorders according to the DSM definition and as such is of great concern to health professionals. The framework now applied gives them the opportunity to work in combination with the authorities to prevent recidivism (Perkins et al, 1998) as well as support for the children who are victimized.The contribution of Child Protection Advisors (CPA) from NHS Highland to the matter at hand is enormous. They monitor the majority of case discussions and provide a valuable contribution to the process of risk assessment and management (MAPPA, 2009/2010). Shared information across all MAPPA agencies improves the care of the patients, since the paedophiles are being seen as such, as a wide variety of tools is being given to them.The majority of sex offenders do not actually have a mental illness. However, they do present a variety of personality disorders that may result in paraphilias. The establishment of multi agency practices can lead to better assessment and treatment than sma ll clusters of professionals can provide (Gordon Grubin, 2004). Moreover, most practitioners feel strongly that the government is addressing the subject from a punitive point. They believe that the government, istead of exploring ways to treat and re integrate paedophiles into the society, has the sole concern of reducing recidivism by means of punishment.The lawLaw making regarding paedophilia is a task with many obstacles and considerations. Since paedophilia is considered to be a mental disorder, if an act is actually criminal or not depends on the age of the perpetrator (Harrison et al, 2010). In England and Wales the age at which someone can be seen as criminally responsible is 10 years old. The definition of paedophilia considers the paedophile as an adult, who is at least 18 years old. Of course, the conundrum is apparent. Someone under 10 can be engaged in activities that can be characterized as child sexual abuse but will not face punishment and on the other hand, someone can be over 10 but his actions do not fall into the DSM definitions of paedophilia.The path in legislating for sex offenders and risk management was set by the Sex Offenders Act 1997 and the Crime Sentences Act 1997. These marked a shift towards a more strict management of the offenders as well as a way for the public to protect itself through information (McCartan, 2008).The act that works as a blanket for all issues of sexual offences, not only paedophilia while the term is actually not used- but also rape, or sexual assault is the Sexual Offences Act (SOA) 2003. It is an improvement on the Sexual Offences Act 1956 (Home Office, 2002). The Act concerns anyone whoIs convicted of an offense listed in Schedule 3,Is found not to be guilty of such an offence because of insanity,Is found to have a disability and to have done the act charged against him in regard of such an offence orIn England and Wales or Northern Ireland, he is cautioned in respect of such an offence. (SOA 2003, pa rt 2)Anyone who falls into the previous categories needs to send away the police once every year about his full name and date of birth, his current address and national insurance number, and about any kick the bucket outside the UK for a period of 3 days or more. Other details such as if the offender is living in a domiciliate with a minor or details about his bank accounts would prove to be helpful to the police in managing successfully the offenders. The offender needs also to notify the police whenever there are changes in the previously mentioned data (SOA 2003, part 2). At the moment the offenders notify the police locally. There is currently a development in a national database that will include the information of all registered sex offenders all over the UK (Home Office, 2002).In addition to the existing legislation there is the Criminal Justice and Court Services Act 2000. The aim of the Act is to help the protection of the public, ensure the reduction of re offending, s ee to the proper punishment of the offenders and also, help their rehabilitation. The Act has set the basis of inter agency collaboration in regards of effectively managing the risk a known sex offender poses to the community (Home Office, 2002).Policies regarding paedophiliaThe publics desire, and the subsequent government action (McCartan, 2010), for better monitoring and control of sex offenders have led to a number of implemented policies. The UK government published in June 2007 the Review of the Protection of Children from Sex Offenders. The Disclosure Scheme aimed in providing a new means of information about potential risks involving certain individuals. The Disclosure Scheme began a process where anyone with interest in a ch

Does Globalisation Increase Vulnerability?

Does Globalisation Increase Vulnerability?Globalisation will make our societies more creative and prosperous, but also more vulnerable. Lord Robertson (British politician) formulate and assess this statement.The Washington consensus, made in 1989 is one of the principal(prenominal) starting point of the cosmoswideization. It creates the free mickle, capital market place liberalization, deregulation of the market, tax reform, etc. (Barnett, Held, Henderson, Casper 2013). The human being(prenominal)ization is not a recent phenomenon. It started during the 15th century with the various voyages did by some explorer as Christophe Colombes and many others to find new trade routes (Osland, 2003). The globalisation al low gears the universe of discourse to develop and create an interconnected world. Many researchers have defined the globalisation since its appearance around 1960. Thus, the most broad-ranging definition of globalisation is the growing interconnectedness and interre latedness of all aspects of society (Jones, 2010). More everywhere, the researchers Kegley and Raymond had defined the globalization as a set of processes that are widening, deepening, and accelerating the interconnectedness among societies. Thus, the globalization involves different types of connections, standardized economical connections, policy-making or cultural, between nations and countries (Andreeska, 2015). Its main drivers are political/ regulatory (free trade, WTO, GATT), and proficient (increase the flow of goods, capital, people) (Hamilton, Webster, 2015). Various organizations had been created to regulate the globalization such as the WTO ( human Trade Organisation), the UN (United Nations), World Bank and International Monetary Fund (Hill Hernndez-Requejo, 2012) and some covers are taking place same the NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organisation summit or the UN summit and many others. The NATO Secretary General, Lord Robertson said Globalisation will make our so cieties more creative and prosperous, but also more vulnerable. The rapid dissemination of applied science and information offers entirely new ways of production, but it can also bring the spectre of more states developing weapons of mass destruction. To explain and assess this statement, I will firstly will break the various advantages of the globalization making the different countries creative and prosperous. And in a second part, I will describe the different opposes effects implied by the globalization which made our societies in insecurity and vulnerable.Firstly, many debates have taken place over the globalization and its irrefutable and negative effects. The most important one is the post-Washington consensus debate explaining the fragility of policies concerning liberalize trade and set price right and concerning these recommendations which fail in many countries which do not have proper governances institution (Bigman, 2002). In general, in the debates, the proponents said that the globalization is an opportunity for economic growth and prosperity. Whereas, the opponents said that the globalization is more a little terror to the environment, the culture et the prosperity of the countries (Osland, 2003). Many debates over the globalization are still present nowadays.The globalization brings many advantages for the nations and the countries over many aspects of the modern life. One of the main aspect of the globalisation is a worldwide market created thanks to the free trade. It allows to reduce various barriers such as tariffs barriers, but also to promote global economic growth and the ability for countries to create some agreements like South Korea Korus or NAFA (Collins, 2015). A worldwide market increases the access to more goods and services reducing prices (Osland, 2003), to new markets which can increase the profit of some societies, such as China with its rapidly growing market, and to new products such as the petrol in Saudi Arabia (Ham ilton, Webster, 2015). With a worldwide market, global companies obtain some production, marketing and research advantages thanks to the access of new goods, services, technologies, etc. (Roman, Manolic, 2012). Thus, a worldwide market without barriers has many advantages such as a more efficient market, an acceleration of the transactions, an introduction of new markets and a stabilized security for foreign investiture (Bran, 2015).another(prenominal) important aspect of the globalization is the economy growth. The globalization financial aids developing countries like Asian Tigers (Osland, 2003). Because the globalization allows them to have access to new technologies, education,and to increase their standards of living and their argument environment (Roman, Manolic, 2012). The expansion of the global economy gives them a certain economic prosperity that helps them to develop and be competitive with the developed countries (Baek, Shi, 2016). For instance, a recent get hold of for Economic polity research showed that 30-40% of the world population has benefited from the globalization (Osland, 2003). However, one of the main factor of the economic growth of ancient developing countries is the expansion of capitalism, and some quantify when it is necessary the appearance and imposing of democracy (Bran, 2015). As in the video globalisation is good, Johan Norberg had demonstrated that in Vietnam or in Taiwan the globalization vie an important role in the development of the country and in reducing the poverty giving some jobs and education (lvarez, 2014).The globalization also contributes to increase the battle and the creativity of our societies. With the creation of a worldwide market, competitors came from everywhere and not only from the national market, thus increasing the competition between the companies (Bran, 2015). Moreover, some economists emphasize that with trade liberalization, there are more efficient resources and cheap wear out cost. Thus, companies are growing and more competitive (Bigman, 2002). Their growth allows them to get the economy of scales benefits with the costs reductions, allowing to get the competitiveness (Roman, Manolic, 2012).Furthermore, since the end of the World War II, societies saw major advances in communication and technology with internet creating a global audition (Hill Hernndez-Requejo, 2012). This global audience also created global competitor and the rapid technological change contributed to increase the economic performance of the countries to stay competitive. But the competition between companies also leads to this technological change (Roman, Manolic, 2012). To stay competitive in a global market, societies specialized them and became more aware of the new technologies. Thus, they need to examine clearly the market and participate advanced concepts (Kostovski, Nanevski Gjurcevski, 2016). However, some transnational corporation as General Motors, Walmart or Siemens well un derstand this new global market. They control most of the worlds investment capital and technology creating them a prominent position. They perfectly understand the functioning of the global market and take advantage on it, for instance, delocalizing their production to developing countries where the labour cost is low (Steger, 2009). Thus, the globalization has many advantages making our societies creative and prosperous.Secondly, the globalization has many disadvantages making our societies vulnerable. Many protests have taken place throughout the world like in Seattle, Washington, France or Indonesia (Bigman, 2002). The demonstration in 1999 in Seattle was aggressive and loud, bring 40 000 protesters together, to protest against wide range of globalizations issues including job losses (Hill Hernndez-Requejo, 2012).The globalization makes our societies vulnerable and unsecured. Transworld connections have facilitated the emergence of criminal organizations and illegals economies, and the criminal violences increase (Bran, 2015). Indeed, the criminal violence kills three-quarter of a million people per year (Scholte, 2005). Globalization has created a place setting for criminal activities such as internet for fraudsters and paedophiles, and the global finance for money laundering. Moreover, the criminal networks evolved with the globalization, allowing the organized crime and the gang to be the largest beneficiary of the globalization. For example, the Colombia-based Cali cartel generates 3$ billion in benefits per year thanks to its network. Another example, the chain of global interconnections allowing the diffusion of the instant broadcast of Ben Ladens speech to a global audience on September 11th (Steger, 2009). However, the globalization also helps to create new agencies and opportunities to combat crime such as Interpol (Scholte, 2005).The globalization negatively affects the environment like global warming, pollution, deforestation, biodiversity red uction and oceans degradation (Osland, 2003). The increasing demand of products increases the finite resources use, and the pollution level due to the fossil fuel (Bran, 2015). Then, an abusive environment use has dangerous consequences like the rise of sea levels, the air contamination, the destruction of forests and lakes, and the natural resources reduction (Scholte, 2005). For instance, Asian cloud causes premature death, flooding and drought due to increased industrialization and globalization (Osland, 2003). However, political authorities created policies to reduce ecological threats like tax polluter, the promotion of environmentally friendly technologies, and the regulations use to control the pollution amount generated by caper (Hamilton, Webster, 2015). Moreover, some global summits on the environment have taken place like Stockholm (1972), Rio de Janeiro (1992), and Johannesburg (2002) to raise the environment problems awareness.Then, the globalization also complicated the health problems due to the easier illness transfer worldwide like HIV/ AIDS which were spread by travellers (Collins, 2015). But it creates new health problems like tobacco, alcohol, asbestos, junk foods, and drugs. However, the globalization helps to find new medicine with the technology and allows the health professionals movement around the world (Scholte, 2005).With the globalization, the business environment becomes more complex with the laws, regulations, cultures, etc. Companies must typesetters case global and local competitors. Inefficient organisations cannot survive to this high number of competitors like Lufthansa and France Telecom (Hamilton, Webster, 2015). Furthermore, companies must adapt their products to different markets in terms of behaviour, tradition, expectation and emplacement (Roman, Manolic, 2012). The spread of technologies and knowledge makes the competition fierce and feared (Bhagwati, 2004). Moreover, the decreased labour conditions are consequ ences of the worldwide market creation. To stay competitive, companies relocated their industries (Bran, 2015). But these countries have usually low labour condition like child labour or under-payed jobs (Bigman, 2002). Moreover, these jobs outsourcing create job losses in developed countries (Osland, 2003). According to Robert Scoot of the Economic Policy Institute, China is the most favoured nation to relocated job with the relocation in China of 3,3 million jobs, including 2,4 million manufacturing jobs (Collins, 2015). All these problems are disadvantages of the globalization and make our societies vulnerable.Finally, the globalization increases the poverty and the gap between rich and ugly. In 1870, the worlds 17 richest nations had an average income per capital 2.4 times that all other country. In 1990, the same group was 4.5 times richer (Hill Hernndez-Requejo, 2012). This inequality is present in every country due to the gap between skilled and unskilled workers in wages a nd unemployment rates. Some countries reduced it like Singapore, South Korea, Ireland and Puerto Rico. But it is still present (Osland, 2003). This gap is caused by the developed countries monopole who direct the raw material price making the developing countries dependant on developed countries (Andreeska, 2015). Moreover, the GATT and the WTO benefits were not correctly distributed. Richer countries increased trades and their growth. Whereas, poor countries were marginalized and their economies shrank (Bigman, 2002), thus increasing the gap between poor and rich. This gap is due to the technological change (Baek, Shi, 2016), the poor countries government which is usually totalitarian and not liberal, and their important debt burdens (Hill Hernndez-Requejo, 2012). All these various globalizations disadvantages make our societies more vulnerable.To conclude, the globalization brings various positive and negative effects to the world and our societies. The main advantages of the gl obalization are the creation of a worldwide market and free trades increasing the competitivity and the creativity of the societies, the rapid technological changes, and the fact that globalization help to increase the economic growth of developing and developed countries. All these positives impacts make our societies and the world creative and prosperous. However, the globalization brings different negative impacts on the world. The main disadvantages of the globalization are the insecurity, the global environmental threats, the poverty, and the creation of a worldwide market involving a too high number of competitors and the deterioration of the labour conditions. Thus, all these positive and negative impacts make our societies creative and prosperous but also vulnerable, as Lord Robertson said. Moreover, the globalization has still many effects in the political, economic and friendly sector. At a social level, one of the main effect of the globalization is the uniformization of the cultures. The globalization reduces and destroys the ancient cultures and traditions. There is little by little an uniformization of cultures at a world level. For instance, in every country, the same big companies are present such as McDonalds, KFC, Zara and many others. Nay protestations have taken place over this problem.BibliographyBooksBigman, D. (2002) Globalization and the developing countries Emerging strategies for rural development and poverty alleviation. eBook, Cabi., Availabe https//books.google.co.uk/books?hl=frlr=id=QKFCo5ajRCcCoi=fndpg=PA27dq=pros+and+cons+of+globalizationots=sr7Ou81_YTsig=XAKtvT00yhzKPseGikyjMb_dAMAredir_esc=yv=onepageq=pros%20and%20cons%20of%20globalizationf=false Accessed 15 February 2017Barnett, Held, A, Henderson, D. Casper (2013), Debating Globalization eBook. Oxford Polity. Available from ProQuest Ebook Central. Available http//ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/hull/reader.action?docID=1180917 Accessed 16 February 2017Bhagwati, J. (2004). In defense of globalization With a new afterword eBook. New York Oxford University Press. Available https//www.dawsonera.com/readonline/9780198038078 Accessed 16 February 2017Jones, A. (2010) Globalization key thinkers, Vol.1 Ebook. Cambridge Poltity. Available https//books.google.co.uk/books?id=yOmjDa0akjkCprintsec=frontcoverdq=Globalization+key+thinkershl=frsa=Xredir_esc=yv=onepageq=Globalization%20key%20thinkersf=false Acessed 15 February 2017Steger, M. (2009), Globalization a very short introduction, eBook Oxford Oxford University Press. Available from ProQuest Ebook Central http//ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/hull/reader.action?docID=472386 Accessed 16 February 2017Hamilton, L., Webster, P. (2015). The international business environment, third editioneBook. Oxgord Oxford University Press.Accessed 18 February 2017Hill, C. W., Hernndez-Requejo, W. (2012). Global business today, 7th edition eBook. Toronto, ON McGraw-Hill Ryerson Accessed 18 February 2017Scholte, J. A. (2005). Glob alization A critical introduction, 2nd edition eBook. Palgrave Macmillan.Accessed 18 February 2017Academic ArticlesBaek, I., Shi, Q. (2016). contact of Economic Globalization on Income Inequality Developed Economies vs Emerging Economies. Global Economy journal, 16(1), 49-61. Available online http//eds.a.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.kedgebs.com/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=9b2dc053-07f5-4c96-81a5-a94c12431268%40sessionmgr4010vid=0hid=4202 Accessed 17 February 2017Andreeska, I. (2015). The effect f globalization to the world poverty and economic inequality. Journal of Sustainable Development, (1857-8519),5,13, pp. 5-15. Available online http//eds.a.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.kedgebs.com/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=ebb2637e-e521-4f3e-bdc9-6144e0ecd4ff%40sessionmgr4009vid=1hid=4202 Accessed 18 February 2017Bran, F. (2015). GLOBALIZATION OF ECONOMY-PREMISES AND EFFECTS. USV Annals of Economics Public Administration. Available online http//eds.a.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.kedgebs.com/eds/pdfviewer/pdfv iewer?sid=d916a67c-bf3d-402b-bae3-12f6c307bc81%40sessionmgr4009vid=1hid=4202 Accessed 17 February 2017Osland, J. S. (2003). extend the debate the pros and cons of globalization. Journal of Management Inquiry, 12(2), 137-154. Available online http//journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1056492603012002005 Accessed 17 February 2017Kostovski,N., Nanevski, B. Gjurcevski, M. (2016) Opportunities and threats of globalization and need for improved competiveness of small and medium sized businesses in Republic of Macedonia. Journal of Sustainble Development, (1857-8519), 6 15, pp. 40-55, Available online http//eds.a.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.kedgebs.com/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=758f2257-f214-41d4-96e6-65cede773942%40sessionmgr4008vid=1hid=4108 Accessed 18 February 2017Roman, T., Manolic, A. (2012). Globalisation-advantages and disadvantages from the perspective of the manufacturer. CES Working Papers, (4), 747-757. Available online http//www.ceswp.uaic.ro/articles/CESWP2012_IV4_MAN.pdf Acc essed 18 February 2017WebsiteCollins, M. (2015) The Pros And Cons Of Globalization. Forbes, 6 May Online. Available at http//www.forbes.com/sites/mikecollins/2015/05/06/the-pros-and-cons-of-globalization/393f3fe62170 Accessed 19 February 2017Videolvarez, F. (2014) Documentary Globalization is Good by Johan Norberg Video. Available online https//www.youtube.com/watch?v=ne5LM2U-I5o Accessed 20 February 2017

Volunteering In Sports Social Work Essay

Volunteering In Sports Social Work EssayThis writings re enamour focuses on cheers extending as part of an investigation into the successfulness of leadership academies. By critic wholey examining existing question and related literature, this review aims to draw up place issues and identify gaps in the current extending system. The scope of the searches for relevant literature was cut back to material dated from 1990 onwards, with to enable the literature review to concentrate on the most recent information. Literature was sourced through databases and websites linked to volunteering, sport, active citizenship and leadership. As such, this literature review draws on a variety of subjects which will be identify throughout the review. This paper reviews key literature, foc exploitation on the need for continued interest in leadership and volunteer opportunities within the school and friendship context.IntroductionIt is a cherished belief within physical activity and sport com munities that affaire in leadership and volunteering has the potential to offer schoolboyish mass a range of physical, psychological and social benefits, whilst as well as a provider of lay down opportunities and in the development of sport, from change magnitude participation through to nourishing excellence and elite performance. More recently in the UK, this belief has become prominent in presidential term policies, ar seeking to engage young people in order to inspire individuals and even though the London 2012 Olympic Games is 3 days away strong planning for volunteering is being put in place as the aspect of major events that has the potential to contribute to social regeneration and the fortify of social capital.The phrase volunteering is the lifeblood of English sport is often used in todays fast society. With it being well recognised that volunteers provide the core reinforcer for sport in the United Kingdom and without the 2 million adult volunteers who contr ibute at least iodine hour a week to volunteering in sport, community sport would simply grind to a halt (Sports Council, 1996). The research, commissioned by Sport England (2003) and carried out by the Leisure Industries Research Centre, provided the hard evidence to support this contention. It demonstrates the breadth and depth of support given by people across the country, who provide their time and rarely look for any reward beyond the mortalalised satisfaction they get from the opportunities they provide for others to participate and achieve in sport. Volunteers also play an incredible role in staging some of Englands most prestigious sporting events. Volunteering in the UK has a precipitous-sighted and formal explanation (Ockenden, 2007) and without its volunteer trimforce, events simply wouldnt happen. Such reliance on volunteers in UK sport lead to the business of the presidential term strategy, A Sporting Future for All. The policy has a major focus on ensures th at volunteers get adequate training, support and strategic management (DCMS, 2000). formation volunteeringAs suggested by Cluskey, et al (2006) defining volunteering is something that on the surface appears to be relatively simple, but in reality it is actually quite complex. Many researchers have stated that the term volunteering is vague, covering different activities and participation at all levels of society, with volunteering traditions being affected by cultural and political contexts (Salamon Anheier, 1997 Lukka Ellis, 2002 United Nations, 2001). Although the word volunteer whitethorn seem to have a common shared meaning, in that location is not universal consensus about the meaning of the term. It should be highlighted that there is no atomic number 53 meaning of volunteering or of a what volunteer is (Volunteering England, 2008).Davis Smith (2000) and Nichols (2004) highlight four characteristics of volunteering within a UK contextThat it should be undertaken for no fin ancial gainThat it should be undertaken in an environment of genuine freewillThat there are identifiable beneficiaries or a beneficiaryThat there can be formal and cozy typesCurrent context for sports volunteering in the UKThe spontaneous sector plays a central role in sports development and the provision of sporting opportunities in the UK. Volunteers are key in the organisation of UK sport and the sector also provides a major economic contribution to the total value added of the industry (Shibli et al, 1999 Gratton and Taylor,2000).Volunteering in the UK has a long and established history (Ockenden, 2007) and the valuable contribution volunteers make to society is increasingly being recognised. All levels of government are becoming more and more keen to raise active citizenship, and volunteering is promoted as one of the best examples of how individuals can make a meaningful contribution to polite society with volunteering seen as an important twist of citizenship and fundament al to democracy (EFSD, 2007).There has been two main research documents both commissioned by Sport England, which look into sports volunteering in England. The latest Active great deal Survey (2006) showed that over 2.7 million people put some voluntary time into sport (at least one hour a week volunteering to sport). The Sports Volunteering in England (2002) found many results some of the headline information from this research is belowThere are 5,821,400 sport volunteers in England.This represents 14% of the adult population.26% of all volunteers cite sport as their main area of interest.That makes the sport sector the single biggest contribution to total volunteering in England.Sport volunteers contribute one cardinal hours each year to sport equivalent to 720,000 paid workers.These results have seen a massive change as results from five years previous in the 1997 topic Survey of Volunteering (Davis Smith, 1998) indicated a sharp reduction in levels of participation by young people. Volunteering by those aged 16 to 24 was down from 55% in 1991 to 43% in 1997, reversing the trend towards higher rates of volunteering in the previous decade (Lynn and Davis Smith, 1991).Government change over timeEley and Kirk (2002) place during the 1990s there became a recognition of the benefits of volunteering which led to greater interest in volunteer activity among young people and the political parties developed strategies to help attract and raise more young volunteers. The government has now identified engaging people in voluntary work as a key way to make out to those most at risk from social exclusion. This was linked with New Labour coming to power in 1997, as numerous initiatives recognised and support volunteering were establishedMillennium Volunteers an England wide scheme that aimed to increase volunteering for people aged 16 to 24 year olds. Now been re-branded as the vinvolved programme, currently funding voluntary organisations and encouraging young people to get involved in volunteering.The Year of the Volunteer 2005 a 10 million campaign funded by the Home social occasion and aimed at raising the awareness of volunteering, increasing opportunities for people to become involved whilst also encouraging more individuals to volunteerAlthough these programmes are generic volunteer programmes they let in projects that take place within sport. A Sporting Future for All (DCMS, 2000) and Game Plan (DCMS, 2002) ensured that volunteering in sport appeared on the strategic agenda. Sport England was do responsible for raising the profile of and promoting volunteering within sport. Given the role assigned to sport in achieving cutting Labours social inclusion and active citizenship agendas (PAT 10 Report, DCMS, 1999), numerous nationally driven initiatives that promote volunteering in a specifically sporting context have appeared.As stated by Volleyball England (2004) over the early(prenominal) few years leadership for young people wi thin sport has become a hot topic on the Governments agenda leading to specifically targeted policies. The Physical Education and School Sport and Club Links (PESSYP) strategy which came into place in 2003, consisted of 8 strands which covered an array of areas aiming to enhance the take-up of sporting opportunities for pupils five to sixteen year olds. Step into Sport was one of the eight strands which focused on developing leadership. Now, the new PESSYP Strategy which shows the Governments continued interests in up(p) school PE, added 2 extra strands to the policy with Volunteering and Leadership having its own priority.Current Sport England programmesRecruit into Coaching is part of the wider PE and Sport Strategy for Young masses (PESSYP) coaching strand. Recruit into Coaching focuses on the 70 most deprived areas of England as identified through the highest ranked local authorities. It is flexible in impairment of the sports it includes as its based very much on local need . Which meets to the view of Rochester (2006) of using volunteering for civic renewal and social inclusion.The Young Ambassador Programme was natural and initiated in the summer of 2006 as a direct response to the promise that London would use the power of the Olympic and Paralympic Games to inspire millions of young people to take up sport.London 2012 Olympics volunteering The London 2012 games will depend on up to 70,000 volunteers to make sure they run smoothly and successfully. This has lead to the creation of a number of volunteer schemes, which are aiming to allow for the volunteer spirit spreading wider than the Games themselves by encouraging everyone to give their time to help others.The Young Leaders Programme, supported by BP,is one of the volunteer scheme which is designed to give a group of disadvantaged young people the chance to make positive change to their lives by using the summer games as a catalyst.Rochester (2006) suggests that within the UK, two broad polic y streams encourage voluntary activity within sport and other contexts. These consist of, civil renewal and social inclusion. The aspect of civil renewal is aimed at targeting the increasing amount of people who are becoming disengaged from public life. Disengagement is regarded by the government as posing a threat to democracy and having a harmful impact on community cohesion, with individuals progressively losing their grit of common purpose and be within the society (Jochum et al., 2005).Social inclusion has also become a hot topic for new Labour. The formation of the Social Exclusion Task Force, which was established in 2006 shows the commitment creating inclusive communities. It has been identified that participating in voluntary work as a way to reach out to people at risk of social exclusion and promoting correlative social inclusion (Social Exclusion Task Force, 2009).Champion Coaching was the first nationwide scheme created to help the support volunteers.Motives for volun teeringWhilst evidence shows that there is widespread commitment to increase numbers and strengthen the volunteer base, a clear picture of what we know about young volunteers does not exist. Gaskin (1998) created the most detailed and comprehensive information on young peoples attitudes and what they want from participation in volunteer activity. It established that the face-to-face benefits gained by young people through volunteer and community service in sporting (Hellison, 1993) and general contexts (Pancer Pratt, 1999) which include an increase in confidence, personal development and pro-social identity.Many researchers have identified that people volunteer for a variety of reasons, both egoistic and altruistic, and the motivation for engaging in volunteer activity can vary greatly from person to person and over time for one person and many volunteers commonly cite multiple reasons for their sake (Clary et al., 1998 Clary Snyder, 1999, 2000 Farmer Fedor, 1999 Wardell et al. , 2000 Coleman, 2002 Taylor et al., 2003). Different age groups may also change their motives for volunteering, with younger groups regarding volunteering as a way of using and expanding their leadership skills, learning new skills and helping them with their future career prospects (Davis-Smith, 1998 Eley Kirk, 2002 Coalter, 2004 Kay Bradbury, 2009) while honest-to-goodness volunteers more commonly mention a desire to fill up spare time and cite involvement in volunteering as part of their school of thought of life (Doherty Carron, 2003 Low et al., 2007). The contribution of young sport leaders takes an added significance because their leadership training in sport not only contributes to their own personal skills development but they also use those skills through volunteering to provide greater sport opportunities for other young people to participate in sport (Elay and Kirk, 2002). maybe one of the most widely adopted theoretical approaches to understand volunteer motives is that of Clary and Snyder (1991) citied in Cluskeley, et al (2006) who argued that people act to satisfy socio-psychological goals and although individuals may be involved in similar voluntary activities, their goals can vary widely. Their position identified four key distinct functions which categorise the motives behind an individuals involvement prospect of value acting on the belief of the importance to help otherUnderstanding and knowledge need to understand othersSocial engage in coming upon others through volunteeringEgo defensive or protective relieve negative feeling through service to othersIssues faced by volunteersVolunteers are under increasing pressures in their roles, as indicated by Sport England studies (Taylor et al, 2003 Nichols et al, 2003 Gratton et al, 1996 Nichols, Shibli and Taylor, 1998). These include societal pressures such as the constraints of time imposed by the paid workplace and family commitments and some which are institutional for example, h eavier obligations as a result of legislation (e.g. health and safety, child protection) and greater demands from NGBs and Sport England (e.g. funding requirements, equal opportunities policies, accreditation schemes).Findings published in Gaskins (1998) Vanishing Volunteers created the message that volunteering has a poor image among young people. Although they generally approve of volunteering as beneficial to society and to individuals, its appeal to them is limited. An examination by the National Centre for Volunteering of the barriers to volunteering in 1995, for example, identified five obstacles for young people lack of awareness of the benefits of volunteering, and negative images of voluntary work as boring, badly organised, the preserve of white, middle-aged, middleclass females, and expensive and time consuming (Niyazi, 1995). This view was also highlighted in the Millennium Volunteers scheme which concluded that for the programme to be successful it would need not only t o raise the profile of volunteering but also to carry images of volunteering which are relevant and meaningful to young people (DfEE, 1998).OLYMPIC VOLUNTEERING CHANGING THE IMAGEPromoting active citizenshipThe British government has been concerned with increasing citizenship and a sense of community spirit in young people for a number of years. In June 1998 the government published a policy framework for a scheme called the Millennium Volunteers. This programme created by the Department for Education and Skills was the one of the first to incorporate aims focused around increasing citizenship and rebuilding a sense of community among young people. Tony Blair, the British Prime Minister at the time expressed his concern about the need to support and recognise community involvement in order to bring about a giving age (Heath, 2000).The government is attempting to increase public engagement in civic institutions and society and react to societal breakdown by promoting active citizens hip and public participation as the responsibility of every individual. The governments commitment to such policies can be seen by the advance of volunteering in schools through the introduction of citizenship as a subject in the national curriculum, extra support made available for employee volunteering, the creation of institutions that promote citizenship and, new funding initiatives and policy proposals that link citizenship to volunteering (NCVO, 2009). This change to the national curriculum links closely to the view of Elay and Kirk (2002) who identified the benefits of volunteering are also evident from an educational perspective because it is central to the issue of how young people should be taught about their rights and responsibilities to the community.ConclusionThis literature review has been able to identify that sport has had a long history on heavily relying on volunteers. It remains one of the most popular fields for engagement for volunteers, with between 13% and 2 6% of all voluntary work in the UK taking place in a sporting context. Although sport is so reliant on its volunteers it has only started to receive recognition and support from the government or the broader volunteering infrastructure in recent years. The significant difference now however is the substantial funding which is being invested into school leadership programmes designed at creating lifelong volunteers.Volunteering may well be a catalyst for changing communities with excluded individuals, but there is no guarantee that this will always occur and it isnt plunk for up with enough solid information to create a solid case. Although volunteering does have a vast array of people involved the message from young people is that it needs a make-over to gain further participants. By improving its image, broadening its access and provide what todays and tomorrows young people need. Volunteering suffers from outdated associations with worthy bounty and conjures up images that do no t appeal to the young. However, it is recognised as potentially offering opportunities to young people that are scarcely available anywhere else. The research suggests that there is a vast pool of young people who could benefit from voluntary work, if certain conditions are met. (Gaskin, 1998)

Admissions Essay - I Dont Want to Be a Doctor :: Medicine College Admissions Essays

Admissions Essay - I Dont Want to Be a Doctor   I was talk of the town to my sister on the phvirtuoso, the little one, and she said,             I dont think I motivation to be a doctor.   And I thought,             Oh, no.   Now, you gotta understand,             were Asian.             South Asian, actu wholey.             Sri Lankan, specifically. And the thing about Asians is,             were *all* supposed to be doctors.             We all *are* doctors.   My dads friends are doctors.             my moms friends are doctors,             my dads *friends* friends are doctors.             and all of their kids                         are in med school right now,                         planning to be doctors.   My philia sister is planning to be a doctor,             fourth year Johns Hopkins, pre-med,             volunteering at a local hospital,             studying for the MCATs.   And I had thought the youngest was safely on the track,             a few years behind,             a freshman in college, pre-med,             taking Biology, Chemistry,             studying all the damned time,             going to be just what the world needs,             another Asian doctor.   And you gotta understand -- I was happy about this.             Theyll be successful.             Theyll have money they wont have to worry,             Theyll be able to pay the rent on time distant their big sister             whos dumb enough to try to make a living as a writer,                           but best of all                         itll make the pare nts happy.   by and by all -- *someone* had to to do it.             Someone had to make the parents happy,             and it certainly wasnt going to be me                         black sheep,                         dater of white boys                         writer of pornography,                         destroyer of her parents happiness.       So the little one says to me,             I dont think I want to be a doctor.   And I panic.   And I ask why. And she sa ys,             this sweet kid says             that she wants to make a difference in the world,                         do something good, unselfish,                         help people.                           I get the impression that she has vague ideas                         of working in a soup kitchen somewhere.   Shes eighteen, remember? Remember eighteen?   And I want to cheer I want to stand up and say,             You go, girl

Free Much Ado About Nothing Essays: Schemes and Tricks :: Much Ado About Nothing Essays

The plot of Much Ado About Nothing is an elaborate network of schemes and tricks. This description is confirmed throughout Much Ado About Nothing. The play contains many examples of tricks and schemes that ar used to manipulate the thoughts and feelings of characters. The major examples of such manipulation include- Don Pedro, Claudio and Leonato tricking benedick into believing that Beatrice loves him, Hero and Ursula trick Beatrice into thinking Benedick is in love with her. The relationship in the midst of Claudio and Hero also endures much manipulation. For instance Don fast one and Borachio trick Claudio and the Prince into believing Hero is unfaithful. As in the tradition of Shakespeare, the Friar deceives everybody into thinking Hero is dead. An instance of trickery involves Benedick being manipulated to view Beatrice is in love with him. This trickery is carried out playfully by Don Pedro, Leonato and Claudio. They realise Benedicks stubbornness in Act II impression ii i, when he states man is a fool when he dedicates his behaviours to love. Due to this stubbornness Don Pedro, Leonato and Claudio must devise a way of attaining the love amid Benedick and Beatrice. In Act II Scene iii the men accomplish this by way of waiting for Benedick to be within ears reach, then raising the topic of Leonatos niece Beatrice. Don Pedros persona about your niece Beatrice was in love with Signor Benedick. helps to accomplish such manipulation. This scheme is completed when this is overheard by Benedick, and due to his insecurity about love he locomote for their trick, thus loving Beatrice. Another example of manipulation that is closely related to the one involving Benedick but Beatrice becomes the focus of the scheme. Like Benedick, Beatrices feelings about love are strong and opposing. When she states Not till God make men of some other mettle than earth she assumes that her desired partner does not exist. Hero and Ursula believe that Benedick would make a goo d husband for Beatrice and as a result of this, they plan a scheme to bring about love between Beatrice and Benedick. Hero and Ursula accomplish their scheme in Act III Scene i. Their scheme is concluded by means of discussing that they have heard that Benedick loves Beatrice greatly. Beatrice overhears this and thinks the combine of her and Benedicks wit and intelligence would make a successful match. Beatrice displays her free will when making this decision.

John Miltons On the Morning of Christs Nativity :: On the Morning of Christs Nativity Essays

John Miltons On the Morning of Christs Nativity John Milton was innate(p) in 1608 and died in died in 1674. He was by far the close to learned man of his time. He influenced men from the Romantic poets to the American Puritans. Moreover, he relied heavy on the historic Christian teaching of Calvinism. In the first four stanzas of On the Morning of Christs Nativity Milton paints a beautiful picture of mans repurchase in Christ. First, the first four stanzas of Miltons poem have a distinct rhyme scheme. The rhyme scheme is an adaptation of the rhyme scheme in Spensers The Faerie Queen. In Spensers poem the stanza rhyme scheme is ababbcbcc. In Miltons poem the rhyme scheme is ababbcc. The two poems have similar rhyme schemes except Spensers poem has an extra cb. Second, the most common feature of the first four stanzas is the striking allusion. In the stanza, Milton speaks of the son of Heavens eternal King born of a virgin mother bringing redemption from above. The King of Heaven i s the Christian God. This is a quote from Daniel 4. The virgin mother is Mary, mother of Jesus. This is a prophecy of the birth of Christ from Isaiah 7 fulfilled in Luke 2. The redemption from above is the redemption written of in Romans 327. The holy sages once did sing (they prophesied) about Christs releasing the elect of death from the Fall (Genesis 3). These prophecies be in Isaiah 9 and 40, among other places. They were fulfilled in Christs death and resurrection, and God now works a perpetual peace in His elect. The second stanza is more than like the first, with allusion as the main feature. The glorious form and light insufferable are symbolic of God. Exodus 3320 says no man shall deal the face of God and live. Here Milton specifically writes about the Son, Jesus Christ. Milton says He sat in Trinal Unity at Heavens high council-table. Trinal Unity refers to the Christian doctrine of the Trinity. All three are separate and distinct Persons of one God. They are in perfec t unity. Finally, Milton says Christ forsook His glory and came here with us. This is a reference to Philippians 2 where Christ humbles Himself and makes Himself in the form of a servant. Finally, Milton says He chose a darksome house of mortal clay. This alludes to 1 Corinthians 47 where Paul calls men jars of clay.